Different Cultures Residing In Close Proximity Cultural Studies Essay

Different Cultures Residing In Close Proximity Cultural Studies Essay This report of cross cultural management on the analysis of different cultures residing in close proximity will discuss the differences and similarities individuals share belonging to different cultures and ethnicity. It also highlights the facts about different cultures and the similarities which caused some troubles or helped during the entire course of PALS. We spent quite a time during this complete course of PALS and experienced a lot of different incidents due to which we concluded lot of information about Pakistani culture as well as the fact that managing diversity in culture while working on any thing is difficult and requires expertise. We had two major ethnicities in our group, Pakistani and Chinese. There were few similarities and little dissimilarity in both the cultures. If discussed with reference to the cross cultural theory of Fons Trompenaars. With the five basic dimensions of the cultural model which depicts the way human beings deal with one another, the differences of Pakistani and Chinese culture we encountered will be discussed. Personal Experience In the entire time during our PALS course, we had different conflicts with each other which we had to sort out but one thing that we all noticed was that all of us were comfortable in working as a team, though in the start the females took time in trusting on Shakoor and myself but once they were comfortable, we made a nice group which actually showed that all of us were used to of being a part of some team, group or a family. We behaved properly and tried to even subjugate our own feelings for the sake of harmony among the group members, especially the girls were peace makers. They most of the time used to communicate in a certain way that it never looked as if they disagree over something it always used to be something like you are absolutely right, we should think about it and later on a better time they used to present their own ideas which maintained the accord of the whole group and it felt like a family of five (5) members. Cross Cultural Theory Individualism vs. Collectivism Individualism refers to the way of living which characterises people with their self as most important; it focuses on I most rather than on We whereas Collectivism refers to the way where the actions are based for the betterment of the whole group, team or community (Arrindell, Hatzichristou, Wensink, Rosenberg, Twillert,, Stedema, Meijer 1997). It was concluded from the above stated example that Chinese and Pakistani, both the cultures are collectivists. One Pakistani though but it was enough to conclude that he was more interested in group work, team and association with a certain group rather than working alone and getting credit for that. Part 2 Focus on Self I being the leader of the group had to intervene and interfere in every matter of the group. The major feelings that I experienced during the whole session of PALS were very nice, it was a very nice experience overall, though with a little up and down. Being a part of majority Chinese based group I did not encounter much difficulty in the communication and interaction in the group yet I felt that when two persons belonging to a culture with high context communication, it becomes a little difficult to judge which way to go. Personal Diary Shakoor, the Pakistani male and I myself were discussing about the Activity related to the implications of differences in cultures in the business management of any organization. During the whole discussion I observed that he never disagreed with me directly, wherever he might have had felt the need of disagreement he fell quiet and said something like it is your opinion and I respect that I observed that his way of communicating was high context based. It had two meanings and a person like me belonging to the same type of culture with high context communication was able to understand his way of avoiding any feud between the members. Therefore he always had an indirect way of interacting. Cross Cultural Theory Applied; High vs. Low Context The famous theory of High vs. Low Context Cultures explains that different cultures have different styles of communication. These can be categorized on the basis of the type of culture, it can be high context and it can be low context. In high context cultures, the real meaning of the statement is hidden and embedded somewhere deep and is not clearly stated or written openly that everyone can understand it. People belonging to low context cultures face difficulty while interacting with the high context cultures (Hall Hall 1990). Low Context cultures are those where interaction and communication style is straight forward and simple. Whatever is said is meant in the same way, no double meanings can be applied to low context culture based communication (Kim, Pan Park 1998). The effects of PALS on My Personality The PALS group was supposed to work in harmony and with coordination, one thing which I lacked before entering in to it. I being a dominant person in nature had to listen to everybody and then decide what to do, this made me realize that working in a team and group is far better than working alone because we used to have lots of ideas at one place and then we used to incorporate them in a unique way of our own with mutual consent of everybody. I learnt to work in a team. Part 3 Focus on Other Individuals PALS was targeted towards learning the differences and the similarities of different cultures and to learn the best ways to deal with these differences and cash them for the benefit of the community and if working in an organization then for organizational goals. Personal Diary Once we all members were sitting and were chatting, nothing related to the studies or the PALS, it was then that Li Ran asked every one of us to join her on dinner. We all accepted it except for Shakoor, the Pakistani male; he apologized and said some other time. In our Chinese culture it is taken as an insult if somebody invites you on dinner and one refuses it. But Li Ran did not take it in the same way taken in our culture; she accepted the decline of Shakoor and continued with the discussion in the same pace as it was before Shakoors refusal. I came to the conclusion that Li Ran understood the fact that in Pakistani culture one is free without any obligations of courtesy to refuse and decline any ones invitation to dine together, just with a mere apology. Effects on Each Other Many different incidents took place during PALS which were noteworthy and due to which all the members of the group came to certain rules and the over all harmony of the group was maintained, like at times there was a conflict about the gender biasness from Shakoor, the Pakistani male; he used to be of the favour during discussions and even in the distribution of tasks which depicted that he belongs to a masculine dominant culture, but regardless of that, after some time he became accustomed to the fact that in Chinese culture, gender discrimination is not encouraged, and men and women are dealt at equality. This difference was balanced by both the cultural representatives with mutual understanding and thus the group was based on equality. Cross Cultural Theory Applied Egalitarianism Egalitarianism refers to the belief that explains that everyone is equal; no discrimination should be done on the basis of gender, cast, creed, or ethnicity. It favours the equal free chance to every one (Putterman. L, John. E. R, and Joaquim. S. 1988). Murray N. R. (1970) says that a free market should have liberty for everyone of a fair chance. It should not pose any restrictions on the basis of gender. It was thus concluded that to work in a group or for any betterment of the community or an organization, it is necessary to neglect the factor of gender, cast and creed. Part 4 Focus on Interactions In the PALS course, it was majorly focussed on the interactions and lessening the communication gaps between the members belonging to the different culture and backgrounds. It was so scheduled in the basic course outline that we had to interact and come close to each other in order to reach to certain decisions about the projects, assignments and simultaneously get to know each other. Personal diary I observed that in the start of PALS, the group members were distant from each other, the females became acquainted with each other, but shakoor and I myself were still strangers to the rest of the group. it was shakoor, the Pakistani male; who broke this ice wall and started a proper introduction in a very friendly way, and because of his initiative we got to know each other. It urged me to get to the depth of the fact and I realized that we Chinese are slow and a little reserve with people we dont know and we take quite a time in socializing with people. On the other hand Pakistani culture definitely must be easy in socializing because Shakoor who belonged to Pakistan was at ease in interacting with us, he asked us personal questions as well which according to our Chinese culture were taken as very informal and something to be asked from people you know for years. Another thing which I noticed was that all of us used to use our body language and facial expressions a lot. It was our non verbal communication that established such a relationship among all the members that we never felt a need for disagreement overtly, our facial and body language was enough for that and thus it never came in between us and formed any basis for conflicts in negotiation. Cross Cultural Theory Applied Cultural Influences on Nonverbal Behaviour; Regulators Regulators are the gestures and behaviours that regulate the communication among people in a continuous flow without any hurdle. It is said that regulators are the control factors in interacts and communications (Ekman Friesen, 1969). Thus it was easy to interact in PALS group because of the non verbal communication which all of us were accustomed and attuned to. It did not cause any trouble while discussing and negotiating over something. Part 5 Focus on Cultural Diversity As four (4) out of five (5) of our members of group belonged to china, it was not difficult for me, even as a leader to adjust and control the group. only one person Shakoor was from Pakistani culture. So if discussed from Pakistani and Chinese cultural differences, it can be easily said that there are similarities more as compared to the differences. We came to certain conclusions together as well like both the cultures are high context based, both are family and group oriented, both are good negotiators etc. Personal Diary Once, all of the members of our group went to market. We had to buy few things for our daily use, girls went their way and both I and Shakoor, the Pakistani male went our own separate ways. During my shopping I liked one shirt when I enquired about the price of the shirt I felt it was expensive, I started negotiating on the price and finally settled on the price which was under by budget and the shop keeper was happy too. When all of us friends met for lunch after the shopping and started showing our buying, Shakoor had bought the same shirt I had bought, when I asked about the price thinking that he must have paid higher price for it then I bought on, I was shocked to learn that he had bought on exactly the same price I bought on. I realized then that even Pakistani people are good at negotiating the prices and price factors are important to them in the same way as it is important for us Chinese. Question 2 PALS Group as an Cross Cultural Team If the members of the PALS group were working as a team in an organization, it will have some benefits and some difficulty. Organizations are different from learning institutions, therefore working in organizations on strategies will be different from working on activities and assignments for educational institutes. Cross cultural teams can be managed and trained according to the needs and targets of an organization. There can be many ways to do that like Improving Common Characteristics for effectiveness Improving common characteristics among diverse cultural representatives means that whatever characteristics are common to all (in this cane both) the cultures should be developed in such a way as to target it for the benefit of the organization. For example both Chinese and Pakistani cultures have people with good negotiating skills; it can be so designed that the cross cultural team comprising Chinese and Pakistani could make a nice strategic negotiating team which can be utilized at the time of strategic alliances and bidding negotiations as well as at price settlements. Intercultural Assessment and training Programs We encountered moments in our PALS course where we had to adapt and adjust to the Pakistani culture as well knowing the fact that it is not common in our Chinese Culture, I would come to the conclusion that if same policy is adopted while working in an organization, that is accepting and adjusting to the norms and values and practices of people belonging to other cultures can create a very strong team which in turn will be good for the Companys target and aim. Training programs can be arranged for the team members creating such situations in which it is bound for them to choose the option of way of other cultures and so become accustomed to it. Common Language One of the most important factors that form a basis of successful team is common language that is medium of interaction and communication. If a team with members especially belonging to different cultures have to work together for a common goal should have one common language as well, which in our case was English (Barbara, 2001). One of our members, would not declare the name here, had week English, due to which that person was unable to participate equally in the discussions as others did. This never created any difficulty for us because we had Chinese too as our common language but yet in any organization it could have created troubles during interactions. Dealings with immigrants As Shakoor, Pakistani male is an immigrant, so dealings with an immigrant are different. We four people had one common language, Chinese but he was not aware of Chinese Language so we in the start used to use Chinese language as our common language and he used to feel like an outsider but then suddenly we realized that he was the one to break the ice among we members and then we started using English as our common medium of interaction. Shakoor then was comfortable among us. So if dealing with an immigrant in an organization one must be careful in the language and the words he uses, should be known to everyone belonging to that team.

Discuss Eliot’s treatment of the theme of the modern city in Essay exam

Discuss Eliot’s treatment of the theme of the modern city in Preludes. Also refer to The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock if you wish. In both ‘Preludes’ and ‘The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock’, the modern city is one of the main themes. Eliot’s fascination with the modern city could stem from the fact that he was an American, and so when he moved to England in 1915, the modern city was a part of England of which he was in awe. Eliot was also influenced by the French poet, Charles Baudelaire who explored the poetic possibilities of â€Å"the more sordid aspects of the modern metropolis.† I believe that this is what Eliot is doing in Preludes; I believe he is exploring the poetic possibilities of the city. In ‘Preludes’, Eliot begins the poem with â€Å"The winter evening settles down / With smell of steaks in passageways / Six o’clock.† Here, Eliot has personified the weather and made wide use of sibilance. By using sibilance, he makes the â€Å"passageways† seem eerie and mysterious. Eliot then continues with â€Å"The burnt-out ends of smoky days / And now a gusty shower wraps.† These two lines suggest endings, as life is firstly compared to a cigarette, where it burns away to nothing and then the line â€Å"And now a gusty shower wraps† makes use of pathetic fallacy, as the turbulent day in the city is over, just like the â€Å"gusty shower† has finished. The last two lines of the stanza create the impression of a city atmosphere which is dingy and dark; â€Å"And at the corner of the street / A lonely cab horse steams and stamps.† The cab horse could mirror people in the city, as many of them are lonely, and â€Å"at the corner of the street† suggests isolation and dinginess mixed with a familiar city image. In the second stanza, El... ... mirroring the harsh world which the city is. â€Å"The worlds revolve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  suggests that in cities people are living in their own different worlds, behind â€Å"masquerades†, which is a theme also present in ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ with the line â€Å"To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet.† In ‘Preludes’ and ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’, Eliot illuminates the modern city in a very harsh light. Eliot seems to focus on the negative points of the city such as its darkness, loneliness and how threatening it can be. This could be due to the fact that Eliot was writing about these city themes after Darwinism, and just before World War One, when the city and civilisation were seen as the things which would eventually destroy man. Eliot discusses the theme of the modern city truthfully and writes about it in the stark way in which he views it.

Rousseau’s Theory of Education

Rousseau lobbies against an educational system that tries to teach children concepts and facts before such time, as they would make use of them. He believes that a child should not neglect those studies, which meet his present needs, in order to learn that which he may acquire in later years. He claims that experience and emotion are our real teachers, thereby reinforcing the theory that a child should not be educated in matters which are not pertinent to their current station in life. He contends that a child should â€Å"remain in complete ignorance of those ideas which are beyond his grasp† (p686). In essence, Rousseau argues that the healthy spontaneous impulses of children were being repressed by the adult demands for emotional restraint, intellectual precision and social conformity as abdicated by the social and educational practices of his time. Rousseau constructs a theory of education, starting with the influence of the child's natural environment, which should prevail over the influence of society and social institutions. Rousseau advocates allowing children to grow and develop naturally, in direct opposition to the prevailing methods of teaching. Children should be encouraged to develop their faculties through experience. This forms the basis for his fundamental principle of education. Rousseau argues that to be of use to a child, a concept must be relevant to his age. Rousseau promotes involving the student in hands-on learning experiences, as opposed to the more traditional methods of instruction. Children pay little heed to verbal explanation, nor do they remember them in his opinion. He stresses the importance of discovery as a learning tool. Ideas that seem difficult at the onset become less daunting when introduced using a hands-on approach. Simply stated, he proposes to teach his pupil through â€Å"doing†, using words only as a final recourse. I don†t think Rousseau†s plan appealed to the peasants and urban workers in the 18th century. These people were hard workers who would have their children working to feed the family rather than wandering about the countryside learning. If their children had to be schooled, they most likely would have preferred they were subjected to the discipline provided by formal schools in towns and villages which were beginning to appear. Not only did these schools provide a more Christianity based education but kept the children busy and out of the parents way. The people of this time were very focused on discipline and control of their children, allowing the child to explore and learn on their own was the opposite of traditional treatment of children at this time. â€Å"Spare the rod and spoil the child† was a catch phrase of the 18th century and was taken quite literally. Any indications of an independent nature in a child were beaten out them and asking questions was often viewed as a challenge to authority and children were expected to accept all knowledge provided them on faith which was again the opposite of Rousseau†s plan. Since Rousseau†s plan was focused on education based on scientific principles it would go against many of their hardened Christian beliefs about how the world worked. The enlightenment may have been a big influence to Rousseau, but the peasants and urban workers of the 18th century were not particularly interested. For Rousseau to be properly understood we must examine his revolutionary ideas in terms of his relationship to the 18th century enlightenment. During this time a great premium was placed on the discovery of truth through the observation of nature, rather than through the study of authoritative sources, such as Aristotle and the Bible. Rousseau shared the enlightened view that society had perverted natural man, the â€Å"noble savage† who lived harmoniously with nature, free from selfish want, possessiveness and jealousy. One main feature of the enlightenment was that nothing was accepted on faith or face value and he expected no less from his students, he would demonstrate his teachings and not expect them to accept just a verbal description. Rousseau stressed that feeling and sentiment were two very important factors in the motivation of humankind. He emphasizes the need to live and develop in conformity with Nature. The child must be raised in a rural rather than an urban environment, so that he may develop in continuity with nature rather than in opposition to it. A child†s character will mature in harmony with nature if that child†s natural curiosity is allowed to develop unhindered by the corruption of society. All of Rousseau†s educational theories had roots in the enlightenment of the 18th century.

Do Crabs Have Gills or Some Way to Breathe Underwater

Even though they breathe with gills as fish do, crabs can survive out of water for a much longer period of time.  So, how do crabs breathe, and how long can they stay out of water? Crabs Have Gills Crabs breathe through gills. For gills to work, they must be able to take in oxygen and transport it into the animals bloodstream. The gills of crabs are located under the carapace near the first pair of walking legs. The oxygen that crabs need is taken into the gills either through water or moisture in the air.   Breathing Underwater Crabs breathe underwater by drawing water (which contains oxygen) over their gills using an appendage called a scaphognathite, which is located on the crabs underside, near the base of its claws. The water passes over the gills, which extract the oxygen. Blood passes over the gills as well and transports carbon dioxide into the water, which releases near the crabs mouth. Breathing Out of the Water Out of the water, crabs have plates called articulating plates that can keep their gills moist by sealing them in, storing moisture. Have you ever seen a crab blow bubbles? It is thought that crabs above water blow bubbles to keep oxygen flowing to the gills—the crab draws in air, which passes over the gills and supplies them with oxygen, but since the air is going over the moist gills, it forms bubbles which are released near the crabs mouth. How Long Can a Crab Stay out of Water? Land Crabs The length of time a crab can stay out of water depends on the type of crab. Some crabs, like coconut crabs and land hermit crabs, are terrestrial and breathe well without water, although they still need to keep their gills moist. As long as their gills stay moist, these crabs can spend their lives out of the water. But if they were submerged in water, they would die.   Aquatic Crabs Other crabs, like blue crabs, are primarily aquatic and are adapted to receiving their oxygen from the surrounding water. Yet, they can still survive for 1-2 days out of the water. The European green crab is a species infamous for surviving out of water for a long time—at least a week. These species seem indestructible, which is a problem since they have invaded many areas of the U.S. and are out-competing native species for food and space. Habitat Challenges Many crabs also live in intertidal zones. There, they may find themselves out of water for several hours at a time.  At that point, the  key to survival is keeping their  gills moist. How do they do this? Out of the water, a crabs favorite place is a cool, moist, dark place where their gills wont get dried out and where they have shelter. The crab has special plates, called articulating plates, that keep their gills moist by shutting the opening in the exoskeleton so that dry air cant get in. In addition, the crab may drink water from puddles or even obtain it from dew.   References and Further Information Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Underwater World: Green Crab. Accessed December 31, 2015.Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Blue Crab FAQ. Accessed January 31, 2015.Mahoney, P.M. and R.J. Full. 1984. Respiration of Crabs in Air and Water. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 79A:2, pp. 275-282.Marine Education Society of Australasia. The World of Crabs. Accessed December 31, 2015.

Trends in Hospitality - 1497 Words

Trends in the Hospitality Industry Nowadays trends are everywhere. You can find them in every industry and they play a huge role. The retro trend in clothing, the SUV trend in the car industry, but nowhere else are trends more important than in the hospitality industry. But what exactly is a trend? A trend describes usually the time measurable course of a development into a certain quantitative and/or qualitative direction. In economics, trends are changes of the behavior of the society. In marketing research this describes the change and development of the consumerism and consumption behavior. In old days it was okay for a hotel to have only rooms and a restaurant. Today a hotel has to have a recreation centre, a beauty farm, a shopping†¦show more content†¦Another good example are the Design Hotels International, which work together with artists. These artists are designing the rooms. Their target group are the designorientated guests. 4. Increasing influence of the internet The development of the internet, which is now more than 30 years old, is rapidly. According to a study from comScore the amount of people who have access to the internet is 694 million. This is a huge target group and the hotel industry realized it. Every hotel has its own website where you can get information about the rooms, menus and activities the hotel offers. And also you can book a room online. Most of the time you will find special offers which are only available online and are much cheaper than if you book by phone. The amount of people booking a room online doubled in the last few years and is today the most popular way to get a room. A lot of hotels are enlisted in so called GDS providers. GDS is standing for Global Distribution Systems. The most popular ones are Amadeus, Galileo, Sabre and Worldspa. But the most popular online reservation system is HRS Ââ€" Hotel Reservation System. 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Cell Phones an Educational Tool - 2108 Words

Cell Phones: A Tool in the Classroom In today’s society, smart phones are a part of a student’s average, everyday life. No matter what people are doing, they find time to look at their phone and make a call, read a text, check e-mails, or search something on Google. Even though people find so many uses for them throughout the day, they are a controversial subject to talk about in their use in the classroom. Many schools have policies strictly prohibiting the use of smart phones in school. For schools to ban the use of smart phones is a major mistake. They only look at cell phones as a distraction to students, and don’t understand that this generation is dependent on the technologies of today. What educators need to do is ask themselves†¦show more content†¦A twenty-seven percent jump is rather large in a five year period and the proportion of students that own cell phones will only keep rising. In high school students, it is found that eighty-eight perce nt own cell phones. (Engel) These statistics show how cellular technology has grown and diffused into this generation. Society is changing and it is crucial that the education system changes with it. Don Macneale had this to say about student’s test scores being the lowest they had been for fifteen years, â€Å"First, todays high school students are indeed different than those I encountered when I began teaching in 1970, and even from those in 1992. Im not talking about discipline problems and attitude. The differences Im talking about are technological. My students in 1970 didnt have video games to spend countless hours playing. They didnt have cell phones and text messaging where they practice some kind of shorthand code that bears little resemblance to the English language. And they certainly didnt have the Internet nor even all that is available today on cable or satellite television. 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Cell Phones1415 Words   |  6 PagesJanuary 24, 2017 4th hour Cell Phones Should Be Allowed In The Classroom According to David Raths, â€Å"Twenty-four percent of K-12 schools ban cell phones altogether, and 62 percent allow phones on school grounds but ban them in the classroom.† A communication tool that has become part of our everyday lives, creating a sort of dependence, is limited or banned for most K-12 students. For a population that always has access, limiting this connection seems backwards. Cell phones have changed everyone sRead MoreImportance Of Cell Phones In School809 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen interrupted in class with a cell phone going off? Nothing is worse than a phone interrupting you during class. Some schools try to prevent this. For example, at George Washington Middle School, students have to have their phones turned off and in their lockers. Although many people believe phones should be in schools for resources, phones shouldn’t be allowed because theyre distracting. they can hurt your education, and they can cause cyberbullying. Phones should not be allowed in schoolRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline On Cell Phones1598 Words   |  7 PagesMolly Krumholz Alex Teran CMN 112 Team Persuasive Speech Preparation Outline Cellphone Use within Schools Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience why cell phones should not be banned in schools. Central Idea: The use of cell phones in school is great for educational purposes, social life, and as a safety tool Introduction I. In today’s society, the use of mobile devices has taken over our lives in every way possible. II. Although this has been viewed by many as having a negative impactRead MoreCellphone Should Not Be Banned in School1105 Words   |  5 PagesCell Phone should not Be Banned in School As the technology upgraded and developed from day to day, it becomes a very significant part of our daily life, work, and study. Since many things have been invented to comfort human life, mobile phone has become one of the most important tools for communicating with each other globally. Cell phones are used by people around the world, and not only the elderly people but also the children, above 8 years old, using mobile phone for their purpose. NormallyRead MoreShould Students Use Cell Phones? School?1310 Words   |  6 PagesLook around you; have you seen someone without a cell phone? These days cell phones have more features other than texting or calling. They now have touch screens and cool tools. Some phones, such as the iPhone, can tell you the weather, stock prices, where you are at, and it is even voice activated! Today s cell phone is cutting-edge technology at your fingertips. With this being said, should students be allowed to have or use cell phones in school? I think th at not only students should be allowedRead MoreMobile Phones And Electronics Particularly On Mobile Devices1327 Words   |  6 Pagesdevices. There are various mobile electronic devices: laptop, tablet, and cellular phone to name a few. In the early 1990’s even with the bulkiness students started bringing cellular phones to school back then. Schools began to place a restriction on the use of mobile phones in the classroom. Initially, the cell phone was only able to make calls and receive calls. Now, the cell phone or more commonly named smart phone is the most favorable with students since they are able to stay connected to a wideRead MoreCell Phone Is A Common Trend For Students963 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of cell phone is widespread, and has become a common trend for students. Gone are the days when cell phone were strictly for texting and calling, not it has more features that it can be used for other things. Phones now have like the iPhone can give weather, tell s when the stock has gone high or low, and direction, that is something I like to use it for. Today s cell phone amazing at it is always there right at your fingertips. With this is mind the performance task is ask them if students

Investment under Event Risk in China Stock Market

Question: Describe about the Investment under Event Risk in China Stock Market? Answer: The Chinese economy have argued that the opportunities for investment-based growth have run their course and that major problems of underutilized capital equipment and unemployment of workers are inevitable, especially when the global economy slows down, unless the Chinese government switches from a strategy of investment-led growth to domestic market based growth on consumption expenditure. Do you agree with the above statement? Explain the costs and benefits of adopting such a strategy for a country like China. Hint: analyze this question in the context of the production possibilities frontier (PPF) of Text chapter 2. The immense GDP growth of China in recent years is considered as one of the impressive years to remember. From the year 1978 to 2007, the growth poses improvement as well as some serious problems which is serious in terms of destruction, rising inequality, destruction of environment and a consecutive problems of exploitation has been observed which includes forced labor, weak examination of product safety and migration of labor (Cai, et. al, 2007).In recent years, it was found that the huge export surpluses of china caught much attention globally. The external sources of demand cannot be measured by the surplus trade account of china. The market reform policy adopted by the government had achieved fast economic growth in the year 1978. It is seen that the rapid development of china was started from domestic frontier to raise the government and several households consumptions. However, the growth of china is highly based on the policy called fixed investment which played a major role on the growth of export (Liu, 2008).The economic growth only requires the growing demand which can drive the components to aggregate the demands based on investment, household consumption, external demand and government consumption. It is important to find the sources from which the economic drive gains its strength. Many believe that the growing aggregate demand is the sole reason to induce chinas economic growth. The dependence of china on external demand stands a threat for sustainability and also effect the fixed investment policy (Song, 2011).There is no such single perusal which has not supported the growth of economic market based on investment and export of china. They had started to maintain the economic growth by funding several investments from the year 1978 and propose many structural changes in the growth of the nation. Now china has both short run problems as well as long run problems because of the growing economic integration. Today, the economy of the world is inter connected, thanks to globalization, any major turnout can affect economic events and many political policies got turn down. Generally, the nation follows its economic policies made by their government. There can be no denying that China faces a huge crisis owing to their very large export surplus mainly because it is not sustainable for a very long period. If it somehow manages and attains some sort of a balance with its external account the ratio of the Exports to GDP presents serious threat. Questions often loom regarding why this should be a problem especially if the imports and exports were somewhat equal but this degree of economic integration brings along with it certain inevitable short and long run problems for the country. The basic short run problem pertaining to high export dependence is basically recession of the overall economy of the country. The main driving force of the Chinese economy has been private investment. Now it is well known that the simple macroeconomic model constitutes of the sim of private consumption and private investment without any government and foreign trade .Now since consumption interestingly is a function of income the levels of national incom e is found to be dependant on the levels of investment. But there can be no denying the fact that investment also happens to be one of the most volatile of all the components that constitute national income and brings in economic instability. Globalization seem to be considered on as one of unmitigated good by several well know economist, which force the Chinese government to switch from a strategy of investment led growth to a focused domestic market based growth on consumption expenditure. It is evident from the graph and previous research which help to provide a clear and precise idea about the statement. From the bar chart diagram it is evident that the china has shifted their strategy from investment led growth to domestic oriented market on consumption expenditure. Globalization transferred overall investment spending from developed countries to a less developed countries. Compared with other countries, domestic consumption expenditure in china has grown dramatically at aN exponential rate for a extended period (McElhatton and Jackson, 2012). The overall share of the domestic consumption in total expenditure in the Chinese economy is seen to be decreasing as the level of growth in the investment spending and the overall export has been even more exponential compared to consumption particular during 2000. Domestic consumption have growth exponentially in china over the past two decade, around 8 percent increase every year and rising at a rate of around 10 percent in the recent year. China real annual domestic consumption on average is around 3 percent point higher than the other emerging countries in Asia and 6 percent higher when compared to other G7 advanced countries. While domestic consumption has constantly show a generous growth in China, its share in GDP has considerable declined which resulted the Chinese government to shift their strategy form investment led to domestic market oriented which help to circulate and maintain a balanced economy. VAT on cars and number of other item has been decreased and several vouchers for certain durable goods purchase by the different rural sector have also been provided by the government (Rothstein, 2014). The government accomplished with several key strategies like lifting household consumption, imposing policies on the SME and increase in the social spending by the government and preparing several other strategies to decrease the focus on investment led growth. Consider the Chinese automobile sector for instance which at the moment is following a rapid growth curve. China happened to produce about 8.9 million motor vehicles which accounts to about one eighth of the total global production with an exponential growth rate of about 22% when during the same year the US market was found to shrink by almost 22%. According to Minsky (1986) capitalist market economy suffers from endogenous financial instability. Over the course of a business cycle, a robust financial structure tends to be replaced by a fragile financial structure. China has been gradually transforming and metamorphosing towards a market economy especially in the past two decades. The model of capitalist economy as per Minsky (1986) is C + I = WN + Where, C happens to be consumption and I is investment, followed by W which is representative of nominal wage rate, with N being the total labour force that is employed and is gross profits. It may thus be said that the framework of economic democracy is not supportive of growth of private enterprises. Promoting economic and social instability an environment may be generated in which the private enterprises will be able to grow along with public sector that is also growing at a steady pace. If the long run and long term future is taken into consideration then this system is more equipped to generate a long term success rather than a system that has its roots on neoliberal style capitalism. References: Cai, M., Wang, Y. and Wu, W. (2007). Investment under event risk in china stock market: A theoretical analysis. Economic Modelling, 24(4), pp.673-682. Liu, T. (2008).Impact of Regional Trade Agreements on Chinese Foreign Direct Investment.Chinese Economy, 41(5), pp.68-102. Song, H. (2011). Chinese Private Direct Investment and Overseas Chinese Network in Africa. China World Economy, 19(4), pp.109-126. McElhatton, E., and Jackson, B (2012). 'Paradox In Harmony: Formulating A Chinese Model Of Leadership'.Leadership8.4 (2012): 441-461. Web. Rothstein, Bo((2014):. 'The Chinese Paradox of High Growth And Low Quality Of Government: The Cadre Organization Meets Max Weber'.Governancen/a-n/a. Web. Minsky, M,L (1986).The Society Of Mind. New York: Simon and Schuster. Print.